Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically with the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the ratio of 2:1, similar to water. They are one of the primary sources of energy for living organisms and play essential roles in various biological processes. Chemically, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis.

Carbohydrates are classified based on their chemical structure and complexity into three main groups: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

1. Monosaccharides:
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit. They cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars. Their general formula is (CH2O)n, where n ranges from 3 to 7. They are classified based on the number of carbon atoms and the type of carbonyl group present.

* Based on the number of carbons:

  * Trioses (3 carbons): e.g., glyceraldehyde
  * Tetroses (4 carbons): e.g., erythrose
  * Pentoses (5 carbons): e.g., ribose, xylose
  * Hexoses (6 carbons): e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose

* Based on the functional group:

  * Aldoses (with an aldehyde group): e.g., glucose, galactose
  * Ketoses (with a ketone group): e.g., fructose

Monosaccharides are highly soluble in water and are important in physiological processes. For example, glucose is the primary energy source in cellular respiration.

2. Oligosaccharides:
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