Peacebuilding is a multidimensional process that involves efforts to prevent the recurrence of violent conflict, address the root causes of hostilities, and create the conditions for sustainable peace. It is not only about ending wars but also about transforming relationships, ensuring justice, and rebuilding societies that have been damaged by violence. However, peacebuilding is never straightforward. It is shaped by several structural challenges that often hinder the achievement of sustainable and inclusive peace. These challenges are rooted in political, social, economic, and cultural structures that create systemic inequalities and persistent tensions within societies. A critical examination of these structural challenges helps us understand why peace processes are fragile and why many societies relapse into conflict even after agreements are reached. One of the most significant structural challenges to peacebuilding lies in weak governance and fragile political institutions. Peacebuilding depends heavily on the capacity of state institutions to maintain law, order, justice, and democratic participation. In societies affected by conflict, institutions are often corrupt, dysfunctional, or dominated by particular groups, which leads to marginalization of others. When institutions are seen as illegitimate, people lose trust in the system and seek alternative sources of authority, often in the form of armed groups or community militias. The absence of inclusive governance structures further exacerbates divisions and undermines peace efforts. Without transparent and accountable institutions, peacebuilding initiatives fail to provide a stable foundation for reconciliation and conflict resolution. Closely related to weak governance is the issue of political exclusion. Many conflicts arise from structural inequalities in access to political power and representation. Certain ethnic, religious, or cultural groups are often sidelined in decision-making processes, leading to feelings of alienation and injustice. Exclusionary political systems deny individuals and groups a voice in governance, which becomes a breeding ground for resistance and insurgency. In post-conflict contexts, peacebuilding requires inclusive arrangements that allow for power-sharing and broad-based participation. Yet, designing such arrangements is extremely challenging as elites often resist the redistribution of political power, fearing a loss of dominance. This structural challenge makes peacebuilding a fragile and contested process. Economic inequality and underdevelopment also constitute a major structural barrier to peacebuilding. Conflicts are often fueled by disparities in wealth, employment opportunities, and access to resources. In many societies emerging from war, economic infrastructures are destroyed, unemployment is rampant, and poverty is widespread. This creates a vicious cycle in which frustrated populations become vulnerable to mobilization by actors who thrive on instability. Furthermore, unequal access to land, natural resources, and public services perpetuates resentment among marginalized communities. Peacebuilding efforts that fail to address the root economic causes of conflict often result in temporary solutions rather than sustainable peace. Development strategies that prioritize economic inclusion, equitable distribution of resources, and livelihood opportunities are necessary, but they require long-term commitments that are often hindered by structural obstacles. Another structural challenge arises from deep-rooted social divisions, particularly those