The study of Indian politics has been approached from multiple theoretical perspectives, each offering unique insights into the relationship between the state, society, and the processes of political change. Among the prominent frameworks are the Liberal, Marxist, and Gandhian approaches, which provide distinct lenses for analyzing political behavior, institutional functioning, and the dynamics of social transformation. Understanding these approaches requires examining their assumptions about human nature, the role of society, the purpose of the state, and the mechanisms of political change. The Liberal approach to Indian politics is rooted in the classical liberal tradition that emphasizes individual liberty, rule of law, constitutionalism, and democratic governance. Liberals view political institutions as essential mediators between individual interests and collective welfare. From this perspective, the state exists primarily to safeguard citizens’ rights, maintain social order, and provide the framework within which individuals can pursue their personal and economic goals. In analyzing political processes, Liberals emphasize formal structures, elections, political parties, and the legal and bureaucratic machinery of governance. They often focus on constitutional provisions, institutional stability, and the procedural aspects of democracy. Social change is seen as incremental, guided by rational reforms, legal amendments, and policy interventions. For instance, post-independence Indian politics, with its emphasis on parliamentary democracy, rule of law, and institutional continuity, is often interpreted by Liberals as a realization of democratic ideals that balance pluralistic interests within a constitutional framework. However, Liberal perspectives have been criticized for their relative neglect of structural inequalities, socio-economic disparities, and the influence of deep-seated social hierarchies such as caste, class, and gender, which often shape political outcomes in India. In contrast, the Marxist approach interprets Indian politics through the lens of class struggle, economic exploitation, and social hierarchy. Marxists