Mahatma Gandhi’s political thought represents a distinctive fusion of moral philosophy, ethical politics, and social reform that diverges significantly from conventional Western liberalism and modern constitutionalism. His uniqueness lies in his insistence that political structures and individual liberty must be grounded in moral and spiritual principles, rather than mere legal frameworks or procedural rights. Unlike classical liberal thinkers such as John Locke or John Stuart Mill, who prioritized individual freedom, property rights, and rational law as the cornerstone of political order, Gandhi emphasized the interdependence of freedom, duty, and ethical responsibility. He saw liberty not as an abstract entitlement but as a lived reality that manifests through self-discipline, truthfulness, and nonviolence. This ethical foundation distinguishes Gandhian liberalism from its Western counterparts because it merges personal morality with public life, asserting that genuine freedom cannot exist without the cultivation of inner moral strength. In terms of liberalism, Gandhi shared certain affinities with Western liberal thought, particularly the concern for individual dignity, equality, and human rights. He was deeply invested in ensuring the autonomy of the individual, but his conception of autonomy was communitarian rather than atomistic. Whereas classical liberalism often emphasizes the primacy of the individual in isolation from social obligations, Gandhian thought stresses that individual freedom is meaningful only when exercised in harmony with the welfare of the community. This notion of “swaraj” or self-rule extends beyond political sovereignty to include moral and social self-governance, where individuals voluntarily adhere to principles of justice, truth, and nonviolence. In this way, Gandhi imbibed liberal values such as liberty and equality but transformed them through a distinctly ethical and spiritual lens, insisting that political freedom devoid of moral responsibility is superficial and self-defeating. Gandhi’s approach to constitutionalism is similarly unconventional and critical in nature. Unlike modern constitutionalism, which largely relies on codified laws, institutional checks and balances, and judicial enforcement to ensure political rights, Gandhi emphasized the internalization of law through personal conscience and social norms. He was skeptical of centralized authority and formalistic legalism, fearing that mere adherence to constitutional procedures without moral commitment could