Question
Briefly explain the role of the three Guṇas (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas) in Sāmkhya philosophy.
Answer :
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Sāmkhya philosophy is one of the oldest and most systematic schools of Indian philosophy. It explains the origin of the universe through the interaction of two eternal realities, namely Purusha (pure consciousness) and Prakriti (primordial nature). Prakriti is constituted by three fundamental qualities or Guṇas—Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas. These Guṇas are present in all beings and objects in varying proportions and determine physical, mental, emotional, and moral characteristics. Their continuous interaction is responsible for the creation, maintenance, and transformation of the universe. Sattva represents purity, harmony, balance, wisdom, truth, and illumination. It is associated with clarity of mind, knowledge, happiness, compassion, self-control, and ethical conduct. A person dominated by Sattva possesses qualities such as honesty, patience, humility, contentment, and devotion to truth. Sattva promotes inner peace and enables an individual to discriminate between the real and the unreal. From the perspective of human values, Sattva encourages moral excellence,
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