Traditional approaches in economic geography primarily emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on understanding the spatial distribution of economic activities and the factors influencing them. These approaches sought to explain patterns of production, trade, and settlement, emphasizing the relationship between human activities and the physical environment. They are often characterized by deterministic thinking, descriptive analysis, and regional differentiation. One of the earliest and most influential traditional approaches was the classical location theory, developed by Johann Heinrich von Thünen in the early 19th century. Thünen's model analyzed agricultural land use patterns surrounding a central market city. He proposed that the intensity of cultivation decreased with distance from the market due to transportation costs, creating concentric zones of different types of agricultural activity. Intensive farming, such as dairying and market gardening, occurred near the city, while extensive farming, like grain cultivation, was located farther away. Thünen’s model laid the foundation for understanding the spatial organization of economic activities based on cost, accessibility, and market orientation. Although highly idealized, it highlighted the significance of transportation costs and distance in shaping economic landscapes. Another significant traditional approach was regional economic geography, which emphasized the study of regions as units of analysis. Geographers like Alfred Weber contributed to this perspective by introducing industrial location theory. Weber focused on the location of manufacturing industries, considering factors such as transportation costs, labor availability, and agglomeration economies. His least-cost theory suggested that industries would locate where the combined costs of transport and production were minimized. While this approach was analytical and spatially focused, it often assumed static conditions and ignored socio-political factors, which limited its