Human biological variation refers to the observable and measurable differences among individuals and populations of Homo sapiens, arising from genetic, environmental, and socio-cultural influences. These variations are expressed in physical traits, physiological characteristics, biochemical properties, and genetic compositions. Although all humans belong to a single species with a common origin, populations differ in certain features due to adaptation, mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and environmental pressures. Human biological variation is continuous and clinal rather than discrete, meaning traits change gradually over geographical space rather than forming sharply defined categories. The concept rejects rigid racial classifications and instead emphasizes population-level differences shaped by evolutionary and ecological factors. Anthropometric markers are among the most visible indicators of human biological variation. Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of the human body, including stature, body weight, skinfold thickness, cranial dimensions, limb proportions, nasal index, and cephalic index. These measurements help in understanding morphological differences among populations. For instance, variations in stature can be influenced by genetic background as well as nutritional and environmental conditions. Populations living in colder climates often exhibit shorter extremities and more compact body forms, consistent with Bergmann’s and Allen’s ecological rules, which describe adaptive responses to temperature. Similarly, nasal shape and size may vary according to climatic conditions, with narrower noses commonly found in colder and drier environments to facilitate warming and humidifying of inhaled air. Cranial