Liberty is one of the foundational concepts of political theory, shaping debates about the nature of the state, the rights of individuals, and the limits of political authority. At its core, liberty refers to the condition in which individuals are free to act according to their own will, without undue restraint or coercion. Yet the idea is far from simple. It has been interpreted differently across historical periods and philosophical schools, resulting in multiple and sometimes conflicting understandings. Political theorists have long debated what counts as interference, how much freedom individuals should possess, and what responsibilities accompany that freedom. Because of this, liberty remains a dynamic and contested concept, constantly reinterpreted in response to changing social and political conditions. One of the most influential distinctions in the study of liberty comes from Isaiah Berlin, who separated liberty into two main forms: negative liberty and positive liberty. Negative liberty refers to the absence of external restraints. According to this view, an individual is free when no one interferes with their actions. It focuses on creating a protected sphere within which individuals can pursue their interests without being hindered by the state or other authorities. This idea developed during the rise of liberal democracies and was central to thinkers like John Locke and John Stuart Mill. For them, political authority must be limited so that individuals can develop their capacities without domination. Mill, for example, argued that society should allow individuals freedom of thought and action as long as they do not harm others. This principle ties liberty closely to personal autonomy and individual rights, making it a cornerstone of modern liberalism. Positive liberty, on the