Social security refers to the collective measures adopted by the state and organizations to provide protection to individuals and workers against various contingencies that can reduce or completely stop their income-earning capacity. These contingencies may include sickness, maternity, employment injury, disability, old age, or death. In an industrialized and organized society, workers often face economic insecurity due to uncertain employment conditions, health hazards, and workplace risks. Social security systems are therefore designed to ensure that workers and their families have access to medical care, cash benefits, protection from financial distress, and support for maintaining a minimum standard of living during periods of need. It acts as a fundamental tool for promoting social justice, reducing inequality, and enhancing the welfare of the workforce, thereby ensuring industrial peace and improved productivity. Social security also contributes to building a stable labour market and encourages workers to participate effectively in economic activities without the fear of sudden income loss. The Employee’s State Insurance Act, 1948, is one of India’s most significant social security legislations aimed at protecting workers employed in factories and establishments. The Act provides a comprehensive scheme of health insurance and cash benefits to employees and their dependants in cases of sickness, maternity, employment injury, and death. It operates through the Employee’s State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), an autonomous body responsible for administering the scheme. The Act is built on the principle of joint contribution by employers and employees, with the government supporting the system when necessary. The key features of the Act reflect its broad and inclusive approach to workers’ welfare and its commitment to creating a healthy and secure labour force. A notable feature of the Act is the scope of coverage. It applies to non-seasonal factories using power and employing ten or more persons, as well as other establishments such as shops, hotels, cinemas, and transport undertakings employing twenty or more persons. Over time, the coverage has been expanded to include more categories of workers, ensuring that the benefits reach a large section of the labour population. The Act sets a wage ceiling, below which workers are eligible for coverage, ensuring that protection is specifically directed toward low- and middle-income employees who need it the most. This wide coverage contributes significantly to promoting inclusive development and reducing socio-economic vulnerability among workers. Another important feature is the provision of medical benefits. The Act ensures full and comprehensive