The river ecosystem is one of the most vital and dynamic components of the aquatic environment, supporting a wide array of biodiversity and playing a crucial role in sustaining human life and livelihood. Rivers not only function as sources of water but also act as lifelines that connect ecological systems, human settlements, and cultural traditions. Their significance in ensuring livelihood security at the local level is immense, as they provide multiple ecosystem services that directly and indirectly sustain communities, particularly in regions where dependence on natural resources is high. The river ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic components such as water, sediments, aquatic plants, fish, microorganisms, riparian vegetation, and floodplains, all of which interact in a complex web of relationships that sustain ecological balance and contribute to human well-being. One of the most direct contributions of river ecosystems to livelihood security is the provision of freshwater for domestic use. In many rural and semi-urban regions, rivers are the primary source of drinking water, washing, sanitation, and irrigation. This basic availability of water ensures that communities can sustain their everyday life without depending heavily on artificial supply systems. In agricultural societies, particularly in developing countries, rivers support irrigation which enables food security and income generation. The fertile alluvial plains created by river floods are some of the most productive agricultural lands in the world, supporting crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and vegetables that feed millions of people. Local farmers rely on the predictable seasonal flooding of rivers to replenish soil nutrients, thus reducing the need for expensive fertilizers and ensuring sustainable agriculture. Fisheries represent another crucial livelihood component sustained by river ecosystems. Freshwater fish and other aquatic organisms form the primary protein source for millions of people across the globe. For local communities residing along rivers, fishing is not only a subsistence activity but also a major source of income. The river ecosystem provides breeding grounds, nursery areas, and habitats for diverse fish species, ensuring natural replenishment and continuity of resources. Small-scale fishers, boatmen, and those engaged in fish trade depend directly on the health of rivers for their economic survival. Moreover, riverine biodiversity extends beyond fish to include crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants that serve as food and raw materials. For tribal and indigenous communities, fishing also holds cultural significance, often tied to traditional knowledge systems that regulate sustainable harvest and community sharing practices. Beyond agriculture and fisheries, rivers provide significant employment opportunities through ancillary activities such as navigation, sand mining, water transport, tourism, and handicrafts. Navigation on rivers has historically facilitated trade and communication, linking remote communities with markets and resources. Even today, in regions such as