The digital era has transformed how organizations operate, communicate, and store information, making cyberspace a critical component of modern infrastructure. However, this dependency on digital systems also exposes facilities to numerous security challenges. Cybersecurity threats are among the most pressing concerns for safety and security in facilities, as they can disrupt operations, compromise sensitive data, and even endanger physical safety in highly integrated systems. Understanding the most common security issues in cyberspace is essential for developing effective prevention and response strategies. One of the most prevalent security threats is malware. Malware is malicious software designed to infiltrate or damage computer systems, often without the user’s knowledge. It includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, spyware, and adware. Viruses typically attach themselves to programs or files and spread when these files are shared, potentially corrupting data or disrupting system functions. Worms, unlike viruses, can replicate themselves and spread independently across networks, causing widespread disruption. Ransomware has become particularly notorious because it encrypts an organization’s data and demands a ransom to restore access, directly impacting business continuity and safety in facilities that rely on digital control systems. Another critical issue is phishing and social engineering attacks. These attacks exploit human psychology rather than technical vulnerabilities. In phishing, attackers often send fraudulent emails or messages that appear legitimate, aiming to steal login credentials, financial information, or other sensitive data. Social engineering attacks may involve impersonation, pretexting, or baiting to manipulate individuals into disclosing confidential information or granting unauthorized access. Such attacks can compromise network security, leading to unauthorized access to operational systems, potentially jeopardizing both data and physical safety