Agricultural biodiversity, which refers to the variety and variability of plants, animals, and microorganisms that sustain agricultural production and food security, is being profoundly affected by climate change. The interconnected systems that farmers, herders, and communities rely on for survival are increasingly disrupted as global temperatures rise, rainfall patterns shift, and extreme weather events become more frequent. These changes affect not only crop yields but also the genetic resources and species diversity that underpin agricultural systems. Understanding the impacts of climate change on agricultural biodiversity is essential, as it has direct implications for food security, nutrition, rural livelihoods, and ecosystem stability worldwide. One of the most significant impacts of climate change on agricultural biodiversity is the alteration of ecosystems and habitats where crops and livestock thrive. Rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, unpredictable rainfall, and flooding are creating conditions in which many species can no longer survive or reproduce effectively. Traditional crop varieties that were once well adapted to local climates may fail under new environmental conditions. For example, heat-sensitive crops like wheat, rice, and maize experience reduced productivity when exposed to higher temperatures during critical growth stages. This results not only in lower yields but also in a loss of crop diversity, as farmers abandon varieties that can no longer withstand the changing climate. Climate change also accelerates the spread of pests, diseases, and invasive species, which directly threatens agricultural biodiversity. Warmer conditions allow many pests and pathogens to expand into new regions where they previously could not survive. For instance, locust swarms and fungal diseases have become more widespread in some parts of Africa and Asia, devastating staple crops. The increased vulnerability of monocultures—large-scale farming systems that depend on a limited number of crop species—further undermines agricultural biodiversity, as pests and diseases can spread rapidly in such environments. This forces farmers to rely heavily on pesticides, which in turn harm beneficial insects and microorganisms that are part of agricultural biodiversity. Livestock biodiversity is also under threat from climate change. Traditional breeds that are adapted to specific climatic conditions may not withstand new extremes of temperature or water scarcity. Heat stress reduces the productivity, fertility, and survival of livestock, while changing rainfall patterns affect the availability of grazing lands and water resources. In arid and semi-arid regions, pastoralists are finding it increasingly difficult to maintain traditional herds, which often consist of diverse breeds with unique traits. As they switch to fewer, more commercially viable breeds, the genetic pool of livestock narrows, reducing the capacity of agriculture to adapt to future environmental challenges. Another key impact of climate change on agricultural biodiversity is the disruption of pollinators and soil organisms. Pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and birds, are essential for the reproduction of many crops and wild plants. However, climate-induced habitat loss, rising temperatures, and pesticide use are contributing to a sharp decline in pollinator populations. This directly affects crop diversity and yields, as many fruits, vegetables, and nuts depend on pollination services. Similarly, soil biodiversity, including earthworms, fungi, and bacteria, is vital for nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and plant growth.