The rise of modern nationalism in China was a complex and multifaceted process that unfolded primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was shaped by a combination of internal decline and external aggression, cultural awakening, and political mobilization. The roots of Chinese nationalism can be traced to the collapse of traditional imperial authority, the impact of Western imperialism, and the emergence of new political ideologies. One of the most significant factors contributing to the rise of nationalism was the *"Century of Humiliation"*, beginning with the First Opium War (1839–1842), in which China suffered defeat at the hands of Britain and was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing. This unequal treaty marked the beginning of a series of humiliating concessions to foreign powers, including territorial losses, extraterritorial rights, and indemnities. These defeats severely undermined the legitimacy of the