Agriculture is traditionally considered the primary source of livelihood for rural populations, but dependence solely on crop production often exposes farmers to risks such as fluctuating market prices, climate variability, pest attacks, and rising input costs. In this context, ancillary income in agriculture plays a vital role in stabilizing farm earnings and improving the overall economic condition of farming households. Ancillary income refers to additional income earned from activities related to or supporting agricultural operations apart from the main crop cultivation. These supplementary activities utilize farm resources efficiently and contribute to sustainable farm cost management by diversifying income sources. One of the most important sources of ancillary income in agriculture is livestock farming. Activities such as dairy farming, goat rearing, sheep farming, poultry production, and piggery provide regular and continuous income throughout the year. Dairy farming, in particular, generates daily cash flow through milk sales, while manure produced from livestock reduces expenditure on chemical fertilizers, thereby lowering production costs. Poultry farming contributes through the sale of eggs and meat, offering quick returns with relatively low investment. Fisheries and aquaculture also serve as significant ancillary income sources, especially in regions with access to ponds, rivers, or irrigation tanks. Integrated fish farming enables farmers to utilize unused water resources efficiently. Fish cultivation provides high economic returns per unit area compared to traditional cropping systems and contributes to improved nutritional security alongside income generation. Agro-processing and value addition activities form another major source of ancillary income. Farmers can engage in processing agricultural produce into marketable products such as flour, pickles, jams, oil, jaggery, dairy products, and dehydrated fruits and vegetables. Value addition increases the shelf life of produce and allows farmers to capture higher market prices. Small-scale processing units reduce post-harvest losses and enhance profitability without requiring large landholdings. Horticulture and allied activities such as floriculture, mushroom cultivation, beekeeping, and nursery raising also generate substantial supplementary income. Mushroom cultivation requires limited space and investment while providing quick returns. Beekeeping enhances pollination, improving crop yield while producing honey, wax, and other bee products that can be sold commercially. Floriculture and ornamental plant production cater to expanding urban markets and ceremonial demands, offering higher returns compared to conventional crops. Agro-tourism has emerged as a modern ancillary income source where farmers open their farms to visitors for educational, recreational, or cultural experiences. Tourists participate