Liberalisation has had a profound impact on the retail industry, transforming it from a predominantly unorganized and fragmented sector to a more structured, competitive, and customer-focused environment. Prior to liberalisation, retail in many economies, including India, was dominated by small, family-owned shops, kirana stores, and traditional markets, with limited access to modern supply chains, technology, and international best practices. With the liberalisation policies introduced in the 1990s, barriers to foreign investment were reduced, and private players were encouraged to enter the market, which brought in significant changes in retail formats, consumer choices, and operational efficiencies. One of the most noticeable effects of liberalisation on the retail industry is the emergence of organized retail. Supermarkets, hypermarkets, shopping malls, and specialty stores became prominent, providing consumers with a variety of products under one roof. Global retail giants and multinational corporations entered the market, introducing advanced merchandising, inventory management, and customer service practices. The increased competition pushed domestic retailers to modernize, adopt technology-driven solutions, and focus on brand building and customer loyalty. Supply chain management improved, with better logistics, warehousing, and distribution networks