Modern Indian paintings represent a significant phase in the evolution of Indian art, reflecting a blend of traditional heritage and modern artistic expressions. The growth and development of modern Indian painting began during the late nineteenth century under the influence of colonial rule, Western education, and exposure to European art techniques. Indian artists gradually moved away from conventional styles and experimented with new themes, techniques, and perspectives while preserving the essence of Indian culture. The emergence of modern Indian painting can be traced to the establishment of art schools in cities such as Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, and Lahore. These institutions introduced European academic methods, including oil painting, realism, perspective, and anatomy. Indian artists learned these techniques but also sought to create a distinct national identity through their artworks. This period marked the beginning of a transition from traditional miniature paintings and religious art to modern artistic expressions. One of the pioneers of modern Indian painting was Raja Ravi Varma, who successfully combined European realism with Indian mythology. His paintings portrayed scenes from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas using oil painting techniques. His works made Indian mythology accessible to the common people through lithographic prints and inspired future generations of artists. The Bengal School of Art played a crucial role in shaping modern Indian painting during