Mutations are changes in the genetic material of an organism, occurring at the DNA or RNA level, and they form the basis of genetic variation. At the molecular level, mutations can arise due to alterations in the nucleotide sequence, including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and rearrangements of DNA. These changes can affect a single nucleotide, known as point mutations, or larger segments of chromosomes, leading to more significant structural mutations. Point mutations involve the replacement of one nucleotide with another. They can be classified as silent, missense, or nonsense mutations. Silent mutations do not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein due to the redundancy of the genetic code. Missense mutations lead to the substitution of one amino acid for another, potentially altering protein function. Nonsense