IGNOU MPHE 25 2026 - Describe the various methods of creating point defects. Disc

Question

Describe the various methods of creating point defects. Discuss the constructive (positive) effect of dislocations in materials.

19 Jan 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 259

Point defects in crystalline solids are created by several physical and chemical methods that disturb the ideal atomic arrangement. Thermal agitation is the most common method, where vacancies and interstitials are generated at elevated temperatures due to increased atomic vibrations, and their concentration follows thermodynamic equilibrium. Irradiation by high-energy particles such as electrons, neutrons,

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