The ozone layer is a critical component of the Earth’s stratosphere, primarily located between 15 to 35 kilometers above the surface. Composed of ozone (O₃) molecules, it plays a vital role in absorbing the majority of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C rays. This natural shield prevents excessive solar radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface, thereby protecting living organisms, including humans, animals, and plants. The stability and integrity of this layer are essential for maintaining ecological balance and safeguarding public health. However, over the past several decades, human activities have significantly disrupted the ozone layer, leading to its depletion and consequent environmental and biological impacts. Ozone depletion occurs primarily due to the release of certain anthropogenic chemicals known as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). These compounds are widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, aerosol propellants, foam-blowing agents, and industrial solvents. When released into the atmosphere, these stable compounds ascend to the stratosphere, where ultraviolet radiation breaks them down, releasing reactive chlorine and bromine atoms. A single chlorine atom can catalytically destroy thousands of ozone molecules