Liberal democratic regimes represent a form of governance grounded in the principles of popular sovereignty, individual liberty, rule of law, and constitutionalism. They have evolved over centuries, emerging from struggles against absolutism and authoritarian rule, and are characterized by institutional arrangements that seek to balance majority rule with the protection of minority rights. The key features and functions of liberal democracies are deeply interconnected with the recognition and enforcement of civil and political rights, which serve as the moral and institutional foundation sustaining such systems. One of the most defining features of liberal democratic regimes is the principle of popular sovereignty, which asserts that political power ultimately derives from the consent of the governed. This is operationalized through free, fair, and periodic elections where citizens have the right to choose their representatives. Competitive elections ensure accountability and responsiveness, allowing citizens to replace governments peacefully. Electoral integrity, pluralism, and transparency are therefore essential to maintaining the legitimacy of the political process. Without genuine competition and voter participation, the democratic character of the regime weakens, drifting toward majoritarian or authoritarian tendencies. Another key feature is the separation of powers among the executive, legislature, and judiciary. This institutional arrangement aims to prevent the concentration of power and to establish a system of checks and balances. The legislature is responsible for lawmaking and representation, the executive implements and enforces laws, and the judiciary ensures that laws and government actions conform to the constitution. In a liberal democracy, an independent judiciary serves as a