A newborn undergoes a rapid transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. During this period, the baby is vulnerable to various medical problems because of immature body systems, low immunity, difficulties in adaptation, and complications related to pregnancy, labour, delivery, or prematurity. Early recognition and appropriate management of these problems are essential components of maternal and newborn nursing care. Common medical problems of newborns include birth asphyxia, prematurity, low birth weight, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, neonatal jaundice, respiratory distress, infections, feeding difficulties, birth injuries, congenital abnormalities, and neonatal convulsions. Birth asphyxia is one of the important emergencies in the newborn. It occurs when the baby does not establish adequate breathing immediately after birth, resulting in inadequate oxygenation. It may be associated with prolonged or obstructed labour, placental problems, cord compression, maternal complications, or fetal distress. The newborn may have poor respiratory effort, cyanosis, weak muscle tone, or an abnormal heart rate. Immediate assessment and resuscitation are necessary. The nurse should maintain warmth, position the airway appropriately, assess breathing and circulation, provide stimulation when indicated, and assist with neonatal resuscitation according to established protocols. Prematurity is another common problem. A preterm newborn is born before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Premature babies have immature respiratory, neurological, digestive, and immune systems. They may experience respiratory distress, difficulty maintaining body temperature, feeding problems, hypoglycaemia, jaundice, and increased susceptibility to infection. Nursing care includes maintaining a neutral thermal environment, monitoring respiration and oxygenation, supporting feeding, preventing infection, monitoring blood glucose, and providing developmental care. Kangaroo mother care is particularly valuable for stable low-birth-weight and premature babies. Low birth weight refers to a birth weight below 2,500 grams, irrespective of gestational age. Such babies have a higher risk of hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, infection, feeding difficulties, and poor growth. The nurse should regularly monitor weight, temperature, blood glucose when indicated, feeding tolerance, and general condition. Adequate breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact, infection prevention, and close observation are important. Hypothermia occurs when the newborn's body temperature falls below the normal range. Newborns lose heat easily because of their relatively large body surface area, thin skin, and limited ability to regulate temperature. Premature and low-birth-weight babies are particularly vulnerable. Cold stress may increase oxygen and glucose consumption and can contribute to respiratory and metabolic complications. Prevention includes immediate drying after birth, skin-to-skin contact, appropriate clothing, warm surroundings, delayed bathing, and use of a radiant warmer or incubator when required. The nurse should monitor temperature regularly and identify signs of cold stress. Hypoglycaemia is characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels. It is more likely in premature babies, infants