Peacebuilding is a multifaceted process aimed at creating sustainable peace in societies emerging from conflict. It seeks not only to resolve immediate disputes but also to address the underlying structural and systemic issues that contribute to violence and instability. Despite its significance, peacebuilding faces numerous structural challenges that complicate efforts to establish long-lasting peace. These challenges arise from political, economic, social, and institutional dimensions, and critically examining them helps in understanding why many peacebuilding initiatives fail to achieve their intended outcomes. One of the primary structural challenges to peacebuilding is the persistence of weak or fragile state institutions. In post-conflict societies, governments often lack the capacity to enforce laws, provide public services, or ensure security for their populations. Weak governance creates a vacuum that can be exploited by non-state actors, including militias, warlords, and criminal organizations, thereby perpetuating cycles of violence. Moreover, institutions that exist may be biased or capture the interests of a particular elite group, undermining inclusivity and legitimacy. This structural deficiency often leads to uneven implementation of peace agreements and hinders the establishment of rule of law, a foundational element for long-term stability. Another critical structural challenge is the presence of deeply rooted political and ethnic divisions. Conflicts are frequently fueled by historic grievances and structural inequalities that manifest along ethnic, religious, or regional lines. Peacebuilding efforts often struggle to reconcile these divisions, particularly when institutional arrangements fail to ensure fair representation and participation. Political settlements may impose power-sharing arrangements that are superficial or poorly implemented, creating the risk of renewed tension. Structural inequalities, such as uneven distribution of resources or marginalization of certain communities, further exacerbate the fragility of peace, as these inequities serve as continuous sources of grievance and mistrust. Economic instability represents another major structural obstacle to peacebuilding. Post-conflict societies often face devastated economies, high unemployment, and limited access to essential services. These economic vulnerabilities can reinforce social tensions and make populations more susceptible to manipulation by political or armed actors. Structural economic inequalities, such as uneven access to land, capital, and employment opportunities, create fertile ground for resentment and conflict. International