Question
Critically evaluate the right to life and personal liberty enshrined Constitution of India.
Answer :
Word Count : 614
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The right to life and personal liberty is one of the most fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India, primarily enshrined in Article 21. This article states that "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." Over the years, the judiciary has played a crucial role in interpreting and expanding the scope of this right, making it a cornerstone of human rights protection in India. However, despite its significance, the right to life and personal liberty has faced challenges and controversies regarding its interpretation, enforcement, and limitations. Initially, Article 21 was understood in a narrow sense, limited to mere physical existence or protection from arbitrary deprivation of life and liberty by the state. The phrase "procedure established by law" was initially interpreted strictly, meaning that if a law prescribed a procedure, the deprivation would be valid regardless of fairness or reasonableness. This narrow approach was evident in early Supreme Court judgments like A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950), where the court refused to interpret Article 21 beyond its literal meaning. However, the landmark case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) revolutionized the
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