Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasites that can spread from one person to another, from animals to humans, or through contaminated food, water, air, and surfaces. These diseases form an important aspect of the human environment because they directly influence public health, social life, economic productivity, and environmental conditions. The interaction between humans and their surroundings plays a significant role in the emergence, transmission, and control of communicable diseases. Communicable diseases are transmitted through various modes. Air-borne diseases spread through droplets released during coughing, sneezing, or talking. Examples include tuberculosis, influenza, measles, and COVID-19. Water-borne diseases occur due to contaminated water and poor sanitation, such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A. Food-borne diseases arise from contaminated or improperly stored food. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted through insects like mosquitoes and flies; malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and plague are examples. Direct contact diseases spread through