Question
व्याख्या करें कि किस प्रकार एकाधिकार के अंतर्गत कीमत निर्धारण पूर्ण प्रतियोगिता के अंतर्गत कीमत निर्धारण से भिन्न है?
Answer :
Word Count : 1097
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पूर्ण प्रतियोगिता और एकाधिकार के अंतर्गत मूल्य निर्धारण में मौलिक अंतर बाजार की संरचना, उपभोक्ता विकल्प और उत्पादक की शक्ति पर आधारित होता है। पूर्ण प्रतियोगिता की स्थिति में बाजार में अनेकों विक्रेता और खरीदार होते हैं, और कोई भी व्यक्तिगत विक्रेता बाजार मूल्य को प्रभावित नहीं कर सकता। इसका अर्थ है कि प्रत्येक फर्म केवल “मूल्य ग्रहणकर्ता” होती है। बाजार में समान प्रकार का उत्पाद उपलब्ध होता है और उपभोक्ता के पास विकल्प होते हैं। इस कारण, प्रत्येक फर्म अपने उत्पादन स्तर को उस बिंदु तक बढ़ाती है जहाँ सीमांत लागत (MC) और सीमांत राजस्व (MR) बराबर हो जाए। पूर्ण प्रतियोगिता में कीमत आम तौर पर बाजार की मांग और आपूर्ति के संतुलन से निर्धारित होती है। यदि कोई फर्म कीमत बढ़ाने का प्रयास करता है, तो उपभोक्ता अन्य विक्रेताओं से सस्ता विकल्प खरीद लेंगे, जिससे फर्म को अपनी कीमत कम करनी पड़ती है। वहीं, एकाधिकार के अंतर्गत स्थिति पूरी तरह भिन्न होती है। एकाधिकार एक ऐसा बाजार है जहाँ केवल एक फर्म उत्पाद का उत्पादन करती है और बाजार में उसका कोई प्रत्यक्ष प्रतिस्पर्धी नहीं होता। इस फर्म के पास उत्पादित वस्तु की कीमत पर नियंत्रण होता है, अर्थात् यह फर्म “मूल्य निर्धारक” होती है। एकाधिकार अपनी अधिकतम लाभकारी स्थिति तक पहुँचने के लिए उत्पादन और मूल्य दोनों को नियंत्रित करती है। इसके लिए फर्म उस उत्पादन स्तर को चुनती है जहाँ उसकी सीमांत आय (MR) सीमांत लागत (MC) के बराबर हो। पूर्ण प्रतियोगिता और एकाधिकार के मूल्य निर्धारण में अंतर को समझने के लिए मांग वक्र और सीमांत आय
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