Question
मानवविज्ञान को परिभाषित करें और इसके अर्थ और कार्यक्षेत्र पर चर्चा करें।
Answer :
Word Count : 1014
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मानवविज्ञान, जिसे एन्थ्रोपोलॉजी भी कहा जाता है, मानव समाज, संस्कृति, जीवन शैली और विकास का वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन है। यह वह शास्त्र है जो मानव के समग्र अस्तित्व, उसके सामाजिक और भौतिक परिवेश, उसकी व्यवहारिक विशेषताओं और उसकी ऐतिहासिक एवं जैविक उत्पत्ति का विश्लेषण करता है। मानवविज्ञान केवल वर्तमान मानव जीवन तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि यह मानव जाति के विकास, उसके पूर्वजों, प्राचीन सभ्यताओं और उनके सामाजिक ढाँचों तक भी विस्तृत होता है। मानवविज्ञान का मूल उद्देश्य मानव को उसकी सभी पहलुओं में समझना है और यह जानना है कि मनुष्य किस प्रकार समाज, संस्कृति और पर्यावरण के साथ अंतःक्रिया करता है। मानवविज्ञान की परिभाषा में विभिन्न विद्वानों ने अलग-अलग दृष्टिकोण प्रस्तुत किए हैं। कुछ विद्वान इसे केवल सांस्कृतिक अध्ययन तक सीमित मानते हैं, जबकि कुछ इसे मानव की जैविक और सामाजिक दोनों पहलुओं का समग्र अध्ययन मानते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, एडलिन और फोर्स्टर ने मानवविज्ञान को मानव जीवन की विविधताओं और समानताओं के अध्ययन के रूप में परिभाषित किया है, जिसमें मानव व्यवहार, भाषा, संस्कृति, धर्म और सामाजिक संगठन शामिल हैं। वहीं, लुईस हे मोरन और फ्रांसिस बोआस ने इसे एक ऐसा शास्त्र माना जो मानव की जैविक, सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक विशेषताओं के माध्यम से मानव समाज को समझने का प्रयास करता है। मानवविज्ञान का अर्थ केवल मानव के भौतिक और
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