Question
भारत में अर्थव्यवस्था के उदारीकरण की राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था की प्रकृति पर एक नोट लिखिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1289
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Skip in 10
भारत में अर्थव्यवस्था के उदारीकरण की प्रक्रिया केवल आर्थिक सुधारों तक सीमित नहीं थी, बल्कि यह व्यापक राजनीतिक, सामाजिक तथा वैश्विक परिवर्तनों से प्रभावित राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था का परिणाम थी। 1991 के आर्थिक सुधारों ने भारतीय राज्य, बाजार, निजी क्षेत्र तथा वैश्विक पूँजी के बीच संबंधों को नए रूप में परिभाषित किया। इसलिए उदारीकरण की राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था का अध्ययन यह समझने का प्रयास करता है कि आर्थिक नीतियों का निर्माण किन राजनीतिक शक्तियों, हित समूहों, अंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्थाओं तथा सामाजिक वर्गों के प्रभाव में हुआ तथा इन नीतियों के क्या परिणाम सामने आए। स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत ने मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था का मॉडल अपनाया, जिसमें सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र को विकास का प्रमुख साधन माना गया। औद्योगिक नीति, आयात प्रतिस्थापन, लाइसेंस-परमिट व्यवस्था, विदेशी व्यापार पर नियंत्रण तथा सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के विस्तार को आर्थिक विकास का आधार बनाया गया। इस मॉडल ने प्रारंभिक औद्योगिकीकरण, आधारभूत संरचना के निर्माण तथा आत्मनिर्भरता को बढ़ावा दिया, परंतु समय के साथ अनेक समस्याएँ उभरकर सामने आईं। निम्न आर्थिक वृद्धि, राजकोषीय घाटा, भुगतान संतुलन का संकट, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की घटती दक्षता तथा विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार में गिरावट ने आर्थिक सुधारों की आवश्यकता को जन्म दिया। 1980 के दशक में ही आर्थिक नियंत्रणों में सीमित ढील देना प्रारंभ हो गया था, किंतु 1991 में गंभीर भुगतान संतुलन संकट के कारण व्यापक आर्थिक सुधारों की शुरुआत हुई। उस समय भारत के पास केवल कुछ सप्ताह के आयात के बराबर विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार बचा था। अंतरराष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष (IMF) तथा विश्व बैंक से ऋण प्राप्त करने के लिए संरचनात्मक समायोजन कार्यक्रम अपनाया गया। इसके अंतर्गत उदारीकरण, निजीकरण तथा वैश्वीकरण को आर्थिक नीति का आधार बनाया गया। उदारीकरण की राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था का पहला महत्वपूर्ण पक्ष राज्य
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