Question
पुरातत्व में दूरसंवेदी तकनीक (Remote Sensing) एवं भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणाली (GIS)
Answer :
Word Count : 1385
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Skip in 10
पुरातत्व मानव अतीत के अध्ययन का वह क्षेत्र है जिसमें भौतिक अवशेषों, पुरास्थलों, स्थापत्य, कलाकृतियों, पर्यावरणीय साक्ष्यों तथा सांस्कृतिक परिदृश्यों के आधार पर मानव जीवन और सांस्कृतिक विकास को समझने का प्रयास किया जाता है। आधुनिक समय में पुरातात्विक अनुसंधान केवल उत्खनन और प्रत्यक्ष क्षेत्र सर्वेक्षण तक सीमित नहीं रहा है, बल्कि नवीन वैज्ञानिक एवं तकनीकी विधियों ने इसके स्वरूप को व्यापक रूप से परिवर्तित किया है। इनमें दूरसंवेदी तकनीक (Remote Sensing) और भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणाली (Geographical Information System—GIS) अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं। इन तकनीकों ने पुरास्थलों की पहचान, मानचित्रण, संरक्षण, पर्यावरणीय पुनर्निर्माण तथा सांस्कृतिक परिदृश्य के विश्लेषण को अधिक वैज्ञानिक, तीव्र और प्रभावी बनाया है। अनुप्रयुक्त मानवविज्ञान के संदर्भ में इनका महत्त्व इसलिए भी है क्योंकि इनके माध्यम से मानव और पर्यावरण के पारस्परिक संबंधों, बस्ती प्रतिरूपों तथा सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तन का अध्ययन किया जा सकता है। दूरसंवेदी तकनीक का अर्थ पृथ्वी की सतह पर स्थित वस्तुओं, संरचनाओं और घटनाओं के बारे में बिना उनके प्रत्यक्ष संपर्क में आए सूचना प्राप्त करना है। उपग्रह, हवाई कैमरे, ड्रोन, रडार तथा विभिन्न प्रकार के सेंसर इसके प्रमुख साधन हैं। सेंसर पृथ्वी की सतह से परावर्तित या उत्सर्जित विद्युतचुंबकीय ऊर्जा को रिकॉर्ड करते हैं और उसके आधार पर विभिन्न भौगोलिक एवं सांस्कृतिक विशेषताओं की पहचान की जाती है। पुरातत्व में इसका उपयोग विशेष रूप से उन पुरास्थलों की खोज में किया जाता है जो मिट्टी, वनस्पति, जलोढ़ निक्षेप या आधुनिक निर्माणों के नीचे छिपे हुए हैं। दूरसंवेदी तकनीक की सहायता से पुरास्थलों की पहचान के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार के संकेतों का अध्ययन किया जाता है। किसी भूमिगत दीवार, सड़क, खाई या प्राचीन भवन की उपस्थिति के कारण वनस्पति की वृद्धि, मिट्टी की नमी अथवा सतह के तापमान में अंतर उत्पन्न हो सकता है। उपग्रह चित्रों में ये अंतर स्पष्ट दिखाई दे सकते हैं। इसी प्रकार प्राचीन नदी-मार्ग, सिंचाई नहर, कृषि क्षेत्र और बस्ती के अवशेषों का पता लगाने में
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