Question
इतिहासलेखन की एनाल्स विचारधारा/विचार पद्धति के संस्थापक किन्हें माना जाता है? उनकी कृतियों पर चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 871
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एनाल्स विचारधारा (Annales School) इतिहासलेखन की एक प्रमुख और प्रभावशाली विचारधारा है, जिसकी स्थापना बीसवीं शताब्दी की शुरुआत में फ्रांस में हुई थी। इस विचारधारा के संस्थापक मुख्य रूप से दो इतिहासकार माने जाते हैं – लूसिएन फेवर (Lucien Febvre) और मार्क ब्लॉख (Marc Bloch)। इन्होंने पारंपरिक राजनीतिक और सैन्य इतिहास की सीमाओं से बाहर निकलकर सामाजिक, आर्थिक, भौगोलिक, और सांस्कृतिक कारकों के अध्ययन पर बल दिया। इन्होंने इतिहास को "समाज विज्ञान" की तरह देखने की पैरवी की। लूसिएन फेवर (1878–1956) फ्रांस के एक प्रख्यात इतिहासकार थे, जिन्होंने मार्क ब्लॉख के साथ मिलकर 1929 में *Annales d’histoire économique et sociale* नामक एक शोध पत्रिका की स्थापना की। यही पत्रिका बाद में एनाल्स स्कूल की विचारधारा का माध्यम बनी। फेवर का जोर उस इतिहास पर था जो केवल घटनाओं का विवरण न होकर मनुष्यों के जीवन और उनकी मानसिकता को समझने का माध्यम हो। उन्होंने इतिहास को केवल तारीखों और युद्धों तक सीमित रखने के बजाय मानव अनुभवों, विश्वासों, मानसिक प्रवृत्तियों और सामाजिक संरचनाओं के अध्ययन तक विस्तारित किया। मार्क ब्लॉख (1886–1944) भी फ्रांस के एक महान इतिहासकार थे। उन्होंने सामाजिक इतिहास को इतिहास लेखन का केंद्र बनाया और इतिहास में तुलना की पद्धति (comparative method) को बढ़ावा दिया। उनकी प्रसिद्ध कृति *Feudal Society* (1939–40) में यूरोप की सामंती व्यवस्था
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