Question
स्पष्ट करें कि क्लासिकी अर्थशास्त्रियों के अनुसार, अर्थव्यवस्था सदा पूर्ण रोजगार स्तर पर ही क्यों और कैसे संचालित होती है।
Answer :
Word Count : 953
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क्लासिकी अर्थशास्त्रियों का यह मानना था कि अर्थव्यवस्था स्वभावतः आत्म-संतुलित (self-adjusting) होती है और यह हमेशा पूर्ण रोजगार स्तर पर संचालित होती है। उनके अनुसार किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था में बेरोजगारी की समस्या केवल अस्थायी होती है और दीर्घकाल में यह स्वयं समाप्त हो जाती है। इस विचारधारा की नींव मुख्यतः अठारहवीं और उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के अर्थशास्त्रियों जैसे एडम स्मिथ, डेविड रिकार्डो, से (Say), माल्थस और मिल द्वारा रखी गई थी। इन अर्थशास्त्रियों ने उत्पादन, आय और रोजगार के संबंधों को प्राकृतिक नियमों के आधार पर समझाने का प्रयास किया और यह विश्वास किया कि यदि अर्थव्यवस्था को स्वतंत्र रूप से चलने दिया जाए तो वह सदैव पूर्ण रोजगार की स्थिति तक पहुँच जाती है। क्लासिकी विचारधारा का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण आधार से का नियम (Say’s Law of Market) है, जिसे "आपूर्ति अपनी मांग स्वयं उत्पन्न करती है" के रूप में समझाया जाता है। इस नियम के अनुसार जब भी वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उत्पादन होता है, तो उसी प्रक्रिया में आय उत्पन्न होती है। यह आय उपभोग और निवेश पर व्यय की जाती है, जिसके कारण समग्र मांग बराबर की समग्र आपूर्ति होती है। इस प्रकार यह संभव ही नहीं है कि उत्पादित वस्तुएँ बिक न सकें या आय स्तर में गिरावट के कारण रोजगार घटे। क्लासिकी अर्थशास्त्री मानते थे कि चूँकि हर उत्पादन अपनी ही मांग उत्पन्न करता है,
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