Question
व्यावसायिक संगठनों में इन्वेंटरी की आवश्यकता पर चर्चा कीजिए। इन्वेंटरी प्रबंधन (Inventory Management) के उद्देश्यों, तकनीकों तथा आधुनिक प्रवृत्तियों की व्याख्या कीजिए
Answer :
Word Count : 1293
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Skip in 10
इन्वेंटरी किसी भी व्यावसायिक संगठन की आपूर्ति श्रृंखला और संचालन व्यवस्था का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है। इससे आशय उन कच्चे माल, अर्द्धनिर्मित वस्तुओं, तैयार माल, पैकेजिंग सामग्री तथा अन्य वस्तुओं के भंडार से है जिन्हें संगठन भविष्य में उत्पादन, बिक्री या ग्राहक सेवा के लिए रखता है। International Marketing Logistics के संदर्भ में इन्वेंटरी का महत्व और भी बढ़ जाता है, क्योंकि अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार में लंबी दूरी, परिवहन में लगने वाला समय, सीमा शुल्क, विभिन्न देशों के नियम, मुद्रा विनिमय, मांग में अनिश्चितता तथा आपूर्ति में विलंब जैसी अनेक चुनौतियाँ होती हैं। उचित इन्वेंटरी संगठन को सही समय पर सही मात्रा में वस्तुएँ उपलब्ध कराने में सहायता करती है और ग्राहक सेवा के स्तर को बनाए रखती है। व्यावसायिक संगठनों में इन्वेंटरी की आवश्यकता मुख्य रूप से मांग और आपूर्ति के बीच संतुलन स्थापित करने के लिए होती है। बाजार में ग्राहकों की मांग हमेशा स्थिर नहीं रहती। यदि किसी संगठन के पास पर्याप्त स्टॉक नहीं है, तो अचानक बढ़ी हुई मांग को पूरा करना कठिन हो सकता है। इसके परिणामस्वरूप बिक्री का अवसर, ग्राहक और बाजार हिस्सेदारी खो सकती है। दूसरी ओर, आवश्यकता से अधिक इन्वेंटरी रखने पर पूंजी स्टॉक में फँस जाती है और भंडारण, बीमा, सुरक्षा तथा अप्रचलन की लागत बढ़ती है। इसलिए संगठन के लिए ऐसी इन्वेंटरी व्यवस्था आवश्यक है जो उपलब्धता और लागत के बीच उचित संतुलन स्थापित करे। अंतरराष्ट्रीय विपणन में इन्वेंटरी विशेष रूप से आवश्यक है क्योंकि विभिन्न देशों में स्थित आपूर्तिकर्ताओं और ग्राहकों के बीच भौगोलिक दूरी अधिक होती है। समुद्री परिवहन, हवाई परिवहन, सड़क या रेल परिवहन में लगने वाला समय तथा बंदरगाहों और सीमा चौकियों पर होने वाली प्रक्रियाएँ आपूर्ति में देरी
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