Question
राज्य की उदारवादी एवं मार्क्सवादी अवधारणा का विश्लेषण कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1264
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Skip in 10
राज्य मानव समाज की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण राजनीतिक संस्था है, जिसके माध्यम से शासन, कानून, व्यवस्था, सुरक्षा तथा सामाजिक संगठन का संचालन होता है। आधुनिक राजनीतिक चिंतन में राज्य की प्रकृति, उद्देश्य और भूमिका को लेकर अनेक विचारधाराएँ विकसित हुई हैं। इनमें उदारवादी तथा मार्क्सवादी अवधारणाएँ सर्वाधिक प्रभावशाली मानी जाती हैं। दोनों विचारधाराएँ राज्य की उत्पत्ति, स्वरूप, कार्य तथा भविष्य के संबंध में एक-दूसरे से मूलभूत रूप से भिन्न दृष्टिकोण प्रस्तुत करती हैं। जहाँ उदारवाद राज्य को समाज के कल्याण, स्वतंत्रता की रक्षा तथा न्याय की स्थापना का माध्यम मानता है, वहीं मार्क्सवाद राज्य को वर्ग-शोषण का उपकरण तथा शासक वर्ग के प्रभुत्व का साधन मानता है। उदारवादी राज्य की अवधारणा का विकास यूरोप में पुनर्जागरण, धर्म-सुधार आंदोलन, औद्योगिक क्रांति तथा लोकतांत्रिक क्रांतियों के परिणामस्वरूप हुआ। जॉन लॉक, एडम स्मिथ, जेरेमी बेंथम, जे. एस. मिल, टी. एच. ग्रीन, लास्की तथा मैकाइवर जैसे विचारकों ने उदारवादी राज्य की अवधारणा को विकसित किया। उदारवाद का मूल आधार व्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता, समानता, अधिकार तथा विधि का शासन है। उदारवादी विचारधारा के अनुसार व्यक्ति राज्य से पहले अस्तित्व में है और राज्य का निर्माण व्यक्ति के हितों की रक्षा के लिए हुआ है। इसलिए राज्य व्यक्ति का साधन है, न कि व्यक्ति राज्य का साधन। प्रारंभिक या शास्त्रीय उदारवाद के अनुसार राज्य का कार्यक्षेत्र सीमित होना चाहिए। इसे "आवश्यक बुराई" अथवा "रात्रि प्रहरी राज्य" की संज्ञा दी गई। इस दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार राज्य को केवल कानून-व्यवस्था बनाए रखने, बाहरी आक्रमण से रक्षा करने तथा नागरिकों के जीवन एवं संपत्ति की सुरक्षा तक ही सीमित रहना चाहिए। आर्थिक क्षेत्र में राज्य का हस्तक्षेप न्यूनतम होना चाहिए। एडम स्मिथ ने मुक्त बाजार, प्रतियोगिता तथा निजी संपत्ति का समर्थन करते हुए कहा कि आर्थिक गतिविधियों को
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