The high incidence of intra-state displacement of people in the last two decades can be attributed to a complex interplay of factors that encompass political, economic, social, and environmental dimensions. In the realm of international relations, understanding the causes of this phenomenon is crucial for policymakers and scholars alike. Below, I will delve into some of the key reasons for the prevalence of intra-state displacement during this period:

1. Conflict and Instability: One of the primary drivers of intra-state displacement is internal conflict and political instability. In the last two decades, numerous countries have experienced prolonged civil wars, ethnic strife, and insurgencies, leading to mass displacement of populations. Conflicts in Syria, Yemen, South Sudan, Afghanistan, and Iraq, among others, have resulted in millions of people being forced to flee their homes.

2. Ethnic and Religious Tensions: Many instances of intra-state displacement are rooted in ethnic or religious tensions. Minorities often face discrimination and persecution, which can escalate into violence and displacement. For example, the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar, the displacement of Kurds in Syria and Iraq, and communal violence in countries like India and Nigeria have caused large-scale displacement.

3. Resource Scarcity: Resource scarcity, exacerbated by climate change and environmental degradation, can trigger internal displacement. Droughts, floods, and desertification have forced people to leave their homes in search of more habitable areas. This is particularly evident in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where water and agricultural resources have become increasingly scarce.

4. Economic Disparities: Economic disparities and lack of opportunities can drive people to migrate within their own countries. Inadequate access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities can push individuals and families to