Question
मध्ययुगीन भारत में ग्रामीण समाज की प्रकृति पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1138
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मध्ययुगीन भारत में ग्रामीण समाज भारतीय सामाजिक और आर्थिक संरचना का सबसे व्यापक आधार था। उस समय भारत की अधिकांश जनसंख्या गाँवों में निवास करती थी और उसकी आजीविका मुख्यतः कृषि पर निर्भर थी। ग्रामीण समाज केवल किसानों का समूह नहीं था, बल्कि इसमें भूमिधर, कृषक, मजदूर, कारीगर, चरवाहे, व्यापारी, ग्राम अधिकारी तथा विभिन्न जाति और पेशागत समूह सम्मिलित थे। मध्ययुगीन काल में ग्रामीण समाज की प्रकृति को समझने के लिए भूमि-संबंधों, कृषि व्यवस्था, जाति संरचना, ग्राम समुदाय, उत्पादन प्रणाली और राज्य के साथ उसके संबंधों का अध्ययन आवश्यक है। मध्ययुगीन भारत की ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था मुख्यतः कृषि प्रधान थी। गेहूँ, चावल, जौ, बाजरा, ज्वार, दालें, तिलहन, गन्ना, कपास तथा विभिन्न प्रकार की सब्जियों और फसलों का उत्पादन किया जाता था। अलग-अलग क्षेत्रों की जलवायु और मिट्टी के अनुसार फसलों में भिन्नता दिखाई देती थी। सिंचाई की सुविधा वाले क्षेत्रों में कृषि अधिक विकसित थी। कुएँ, तालाब, नहरें, बांध और अन्य स्थानीय जल-स्रोत कृषि के लिए महत्वपूर्ण थे। दक्षिण भारत में टैंक सिंचाई और उत्तर भारत में कुओं तथा नहरों का विशेष महत्व था। कृषि उत्पादन केवल किसानों की जीविका का साधन नहीं था, बल्कि राज्य की आय का प्रमुख स्रोत भी था। ग्रामीण समाज में भूमि सबसे महत्वपूर्ण आर्थिक संसाधन थी। भूमि पर अधिकार और उसके उपयोग के आधार पर ग्रामीण समाज में विभिन्न वर्ग विकसित हुए। एक ओर ऐसे किसान थे जिनके पास अपनी भूमि या उस पर अपेक्षाकृत मजबूत अधिकार थे, जबकि दूसरी ओर छोटे किसान, बटाईदार और भूमिहीन कृषि मजदूर थे। कई क्षेत्रों में गाँव के प्रभावशाली
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