Question
प्रत्यक्षवाद (Positivism) के प्रमुख सिद्धांतों की व्याख्या कीजिए। प्रत्यक्षवादी दृष्टिकोण की प्रमुख आलोचनाओं को प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 687
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प्रत्यक्षवाद (Positivism) सामाजिक विज्ञान अनुसंधान की एक प्रमुख दार्शनिक परंपरा है, जिसका मूल उद्देश्य समाज के अध्ययन को प्राकृतिक विज्ञानों की भाँति वैज्ञानिक, वस्तुनिष्ठ तथा अनुभवजन्य आधार प्रदान करना है। प्रत्यक्षवाद का विकास मुख्यतः ऑगस्त कॉम्टे ने किया, जिन्हें समाजशास्त्र का जनक भी माना जाता है। कॉम्टे का मत था कि समाज भी निश्चित नियमों के अनुसार संचालित होता है और इन नियमों की खोज वैज्ञानिक पद्धति द्वारा की जा सकती है। बाद में एमिल दुर्खीम, हरबर्ट स्पेंसर तथा तार्किक प्रत्यक्षवादियों ने इस दृष्टिकोण को और विकसित किया। प्रत्यक्षवाद का पहला प्रमुख सिद्धांत अनुभववाद (Empiricism) है। इसके अनुसार वास्तविक ज्ञान वही है जो प्रत्यक्ष अनुभव, अवलोकन और इंद्रियों द्वारा प्राप्त तथ्यों पर आधारित हो। किसी भी सिद्धांत या निष्कर्ष की वैधता का आधार अनुभवजन्य प्रमाण होना चाहिए, न कि कल्पना, परंपरा या धार्मिक विश्वास। दूसरा प्रमुख सिद्धांत वस्तुनिष्ठता (Objectivity) है। प्रत्यक्षवाद यह मानता है
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