Question
परवर्ती रोमन साम्राज्य के राज्य और प्रशासन का उल्लेख कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1356
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परवर्ती रोमन साम्राज्य (Late Roman Empire) सामान्यतः तीसरी शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध से पाँचवीं शताब्दी तक के उस काल को दर्शाता है, जब रोमन साम्राज्य ने अनेक राजनीतिक, आर्थिक, सैन्य तथा प्रशासनिक चुनौतियों का सामना किया। इस काल में सम्राट डायोक्लेशियन (Diocletian) तथा कॉन्स्टैन्टाइन (Constantine) द्वारा किए गए प्रशासनिक सुधारों ने रोमन राज्य को नई संरचना प्रदान की। इन सुधारों का उद्देश्य विशाल साम्राज्य पर प्रभावी नियंत्रण स्थापित करना, सीमाओं की सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करना, कर व्यवस्था को सुदृढ़ बनाना तथा प्रशासन को अधिक संगठित और उत्तरदायी बनाना था। परवर्ती रोमन साम्राज्य का राज्य अत्यधिक केंद्रीकृत, नौकरशाही आधारित तथा सम्राट-केंद्रित व्यवस्था का उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण माना जाता है। परवर्ती रोमन साम्राज्य में सम्राट राज्य का सर्वोच्च अधिकारी था। उसे केवल राजनीतिक शासक ही नहीं, बल्कि ईश्वर द्वारा नियुक्त प्रतिनिधि के रूप में भी प्रस्तुत किया जाने लगा। सम्राट की सत्ता पूर्णतः निरंकुश थी और उसके आदेश ही कानून का स्वरूप ग्रहण करते थे। सम्राट की प्रतिष्ठा को बढ़ाने के लिए राजदरबार की भव्यता, विशेष वेशभूषा तथा कठोर दरबारी नियमों का विकास हुआ। सम्राट तक पहुँच सामान्य प्रजा के लिए कठिन बना दी गई, जिससे उसकी गरिमा और सर्वोच्चता का प्रदर्शन हो सके। डायोक्लेशियन ने तीसरी शताब्दी के संकटों से उबरने के लिए व्यापक प्रशासनिक सुधार किए। उसने टेट्रार्की (Tetrarchy) अर्थात् चार शासकों की व्यवस्था लागू की। इसके अंतर्गत दो वरिष्ठ सम्राट (ऑगस्टस) तथा दो कनिष्ठ सम्राट (सीज़र) नियुक्त किए गए। इस व्यवस्था का उद्देश्य विशाल साम्राज्य के विभिन्न भागों का प्रभावी संचालन तथा सीमाओं की रक्षा करना था। यद्यपि यह व्यवस्था अधिक समय तक स्थायी नहीं रह सकी, फिर भी इसने प्रशासनिक विकेंद्रीकरण तथा उत्तराधिकार संबंधी समस्याओं को हल करने का प्रयास किया। कॉन्स्टैन्टाइन ने सत्ता को पुनः एकीकृत किया, परन्तु प्रशासनिक सुधारों को बनाए रखा। उसने नई
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