Question
निम्नलिखित के बीच अंतर स्पष्ट करें -:
सरल यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन और स्तरीकृत यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन
Answer :
Word Count : 1362
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Skip in 10
सरल यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन (Simple Random Sampling) और स्तरीकृत यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन (Stratified Random Sampling) दोनों ही प्रतिदर्श विधियाँ हैं जिनका उपयोग सांख्यिकी में किसी जनसंख्या से प्रतिनिधिक नमूना एकत्र करने के लिए किया जाता है। इन दोनों विधियों का उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना होता है कि प्राप्त प्रतिदर्श (sample) जनसंख्या का एक उपयुक्त प्रतिनिधि हो जिससे निष्कर्ष विश्वसनीय और सटीक हो। यद्यपि दोनों विधियाँ यादृच्छिक चयन की प्रक्रिया पर आधारित हैं, परन्तु इनके मध्य कुछ महत्वपूर्ण अंतर होते हैं जिनका स्पष्टीकरण निम्नलिखित है: 1. परिभाषा में अंतर सरल यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन वह विधि है जिसमें जनसंख्या के प्रत्येक एकक (unit) को प्रतिचयन (sampling) में चुने जाने की समान संभावना होती है। इसमें कोई भी भेदभाव नहीं किया जाता। जैसे, यदि 1000 छात्रों की एक सूची है और उनमें से 100 छात्रों का चयन करना है, तो हर छात्र को चुने जाने का समान अवसर प्राप्त होगा। इसके विपरीत, स्तरीकृत यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन वह विधि है जिसमें पहले पूरी जनसंख्या को समान विशेषताओं (जैसे आयु, लिंग, शिक्षा स्तर, आय समूह आदि) के आधार पर विभिन्न उप-समूहों या "स्तरों" (strata) में विभाजित किया जाता है और फिर प्रत्येक स्तर से यादृच्छिक रूप से नमूना लिया जाता है। 2. संरचना की दृष्टि से अंतर सरल यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन में कोई भी स्तर (stratum) नहीं होता। यह मान लिया जाता है कि पूरी जनसंख्या समरूप (homogeneous) है, अर्थात सभी एकक समान या तुलनीय विशेषताओं वाले हैं। वहीं, स्तरीकृत यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन की संरचना विषम (heterogeneous) जनसंख्या को समरूप उप-समूहों में विभाजित कर देती है। हर उप-समूह के अंदर एकरूपता होती है परंतु विभिन्न उप-समूहों के बीच भिन्नता होती है। उदाहरण के लिए, यदि किसी अध्ययन में छात्रों की शैक्षिक योग्यता का अध्ययन करना है, तो छात्रों को अलग-अलग कक्षाओं (जैसे कक्षा 6, कक्षा 7, कक्षा 8) के रूप में स्तरों में बाँटा जा सकता है। 3. चयन की प्रक्रिया में अंतर सरल यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन में चयन की प्रक्रिया सीधी होती है। इसमें
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