Taking a suitable example, discuss the design of a solid state membrane electrode.
Solid-state electrodes are miniaturized version of an electrochemical sensor. Solid state membrane electrodes are preferred over liquid membrane electrodes because they can easily be used in all kinds of media which are suitable for environmental analysis, food analysis, clinical analysis as well as for in vivo analysis.
Carbon materials in the form of graphite, glassy carbon, carbon fibres etc are important solid state electrodes for several reasons. This is because carbon has rich surface chemistry, which can be explored to influence reactivity. Also the adsorption on carbon surfaces can be used to enhance analytical utility. Adams, the inventor of CPEs S2 , and his research group were the first who published an extensive study on carbon
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At 298, the limited molar conductivity at infinite dilution of sodium benzoate, hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride are 8.24 ´ 10-3 S m2 mol-1, 4.26 ´ 10-2 S m2 mol-1 and 1.26 ´ 10-2 respectively. Calculate the limiting molar conductivity of aqueous benzoic acid.
Write special features of coulometric methods.
What are the advantages of DTA and DSC over TGA?
Give the advantages of amperometry.
Given the following reaction half reaction:
Cd2+ + 2e ® Cd E° = - 0.403 V
Pb2+ + 2e-®Pb E° = - 0.126 V
where [Cd2+] = 0.020 M and [Pb2+] = 0.200 M
construct a galvanic cell using half cell reactions and find
i) Which half cell –reaction is the cathode?
ii) Write the cell reaction.
iii) Calculate of this galvanic cell.
iv) Calculate Ecell of this galvanic cell
v) Calculate equilibrium constant using E°cell potentials of this galvanic cell based on the construction of ions.
Give comparison between coulmetric and volumetric titrations.
List the various types of detector commonly used in measurement of radioactivity. Discuss any one of them in detail.