Question
जापानी चिन्तन के विकास के लिए उत्तरदायी प्रमुख धार्मिक और बौद्धिक प्रणालियों की विवेचना कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1255
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जापानी चिंतन का विकास अनेक धार्मिक, दार्शनिक तथा बौद्धिक परंपराओं के दीर्घकालीन समन्वय का परिणाम था। जापान ने बाहरी प्रभावों को यथावत स्वीकार करने के बजाय उन्हें अपनी सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक आवश्यकताओं के अनुरूप ढाल लिया। इसी कारण जापानी चिंतन में परंपरा और आधुनिकता, आध्यात्मिकता और व्यावहारिकता, सामूहिकता और राष्ट्रवाद का अद्वितीय मिश्रण दिखाई देता है। 1868 की मेइजी पुनर्स्थापना तक पहुँचते-पहुँचते तथा उसके बाद आधुनिक जापान के निर्माण में अनेक धार्मिक और बौद्धिक प्रणालियों की निर्णायक भूमिका रही। सबसे प्राचीन और मूल धार्मिक परंपरा शिंतो धर्म थी। शिंतो का अर्थ है "देवताओं का मार्ग"। यह प्रकृति-पूजा, पूर्वज-पूजा तथा स्थानीय देवताओं (कामी) में विश्वास पर आधारित था। शिंतो धर्म ने जापानी समाज में प्रकृति के प्रति सम्मान, सम्राट के प्रति निष्ठा तथा राष्ट्रीय एकता की भावना को विकसित किया। सम्राट को सूर्य देवी अमातेरासु का वंशज माना गया, जिससे राजसत्ता को धार्मिक वैधता प्राप्त हुई। मेइजी काल में शिंतो को राज्य धर्म के रूप में विशेष संरक्षण दिया गया। राज्य शिंतो (State Shinto) ने सम्राट को राष्ट्र का प्रतीक तथा सर्वोच्च नैतिक अधिकार घोषित किया। इससे राष्ट्रीय चेतना, अनुशासन और देशभक्ति को प्रोत्साहन मिला, यद्यपि आगे चलकर इसी आधार पर सैन्यवाद और साम्राज्यवाद को भी वैचारिक समर्थन प्राप्त हुआ। बौद्ध धर्म जापानी चिंतन के विकास का दूसरा प्रमुख आधार था। छठी शताब्दी में कोरिया और चीन के माध्यम से जापान पहुँचे बौद्ध धर्म ने जापानी संस्कृति, कला, साहित्य तथा दर्शन को गहराई से प्रभावित किया। बौद्ध धर्म ने जीवन की अनित्यता, करुणा, आत्मसंयम और नैतिक आचरण पर बल दिया। इससे समाज में सहिष्णुता तथा आध्यात्मिक चेतना का विकास हुआ। विभिन्न बौद्ध संप्रदायों ने समाज के अलग-अलग वर्गों को प्रभावित किया। तेंदाई, शिंगोन, जोदो, निचिरेन और
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