Question
गुटनिरपेक्ष आंदोलन के उदय और भूमिका पर एक निबंध लिखिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1193
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द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के बाद विश्व राजनीति में व्यापक परिवर्तन हुए। यूरोपीय साम्राज्यवाद का पतन प्रारम्भ हुआ, एशिया और अफ्रीका के अनेक देश स्वतंत्र हुए तथा विश्व व्यवस्था दो महाशक्तियों—संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ—के नेतृत्व वाले दो विरोधी गुटों में विभाजित हो गई। इस स्थिति को शीतयुद्ध के नाम से जाना जाता है। नवस्वतंत्र राष्ट्रों के सामने सबसे बड़ी चुनौती यह थी कि वे अपनी राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता, आर्थिक विकास और राष्ट्रीय संप्रभुता को बनाए रखते हुए किसी भी शक्ति गुट के प्रभाव में आए बिना स्वतंत्र विदेश नीति का पालन करें। इसी ऐतिहासिक परिस्थिति में गुटनिरपेक्ष आंदोलन का उदय हुआ, जिसने विश्व राजनीति में एक नई दिशा प्रदान की। गुटनिरपेक्षता का अर्थ तटस्थता या निष्क्रियता नहीं था। इसका उद्देश्य किसी भी सैन्य गुट में शामिल न होकर प्रत्येक अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रश्न पर स्वतंत्र रूप से निर्णय लेना था। गुटनिरपेक्ष देशों ने स्पष्ट किया कि वे न्याय, शांति, स्वतंत्रता और समानता के सिद्धांतों के आधार पर अपनी विदेश नीति बनाएंगे। यदि किसी देश पर आक्रमण होता है या अंतरराष्ट्रीय शांति को खतरा होता है, तो गुटनिरपेक्ष राष्ट्र अपनी नैतिक और राजनीतिक जिम्मेदारी का निर्वहन करते हुए उचित पक्ष का समर्थन कर सकते हैं। इसलिए गुटनिरपेक्षता सक्रिय, सकारात्मक और स्वतंत्र नीति का प्रतीक थी। गुटनिरपेक्ष आंदोलन की वैचारिक पृष्ठभूमि एशिया और अफ्रीका के उपनिवेशवाद विरोधी संघर्षों में निहित थी। भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू, यूगोस्लाविया के राष्ट्रपति जोसिप ब्रोज टीटो, मिस्र के राष्ट्रपति गमाल अब्देल नासिर, इंडोनेशिया के राष्ट्रपति सुकर्णो तथा घाना के राष्ट्रपति क्वामे नक्रूमा जैसे नेताओं ने इस विचार को विकसित और लोकप्रिय बनाया। इन नेताओं का विश्वास था कि नवस्वतंत्र देशों
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