Question
औपनिवेशिक रण नीति की प्रकृति पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1370
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# औपनिवेशिक रण नीति की प्रकृति भारत में औपनिवेशिक शासन की स्थापना और उसके विस्तार के पीछे केवल सैन्य विजय या राजनीतिक प्रभुत्व की नीति नहीं थी, बल्कि एक व्यापक और बहुआयामी औपनिवेशिक रणनीति कार्यरत थी। ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी ने प्रारंभ में व्यापारिक हितों की रक्षा के लिए भारतीय राजनीति में हस्तक्षेप किया, किंतु धीरे-धीरे उसने राजनीतिक सत्ता, प्रशासनिक नियंत्रण और आर्थिक शोषण को एक-दूसरे से जोड़कर एक संगठित औपनिवेशिक व्यवस्था विकसित की। इस रणनीति की प्रकृति समय, क्षेत्र और परिस्थितियों के अनुसार बदलती रही, फिर भी इसके मूल में भारतीय संसाधनों पर नियंत्रण, राजनीतिक विखंडन का लाभ उठाना और ब्रिटिश सत्ता की स्थिरता बनाए रखना प्रमुख उद्देश्य थे। औपनिवेशिक रणनीति की पहली प्रमुख विशेषता भारतीय राजनीतिक परिस्थितियों का लाभ उठाना थी। अठारहवीं शताब्दी में मुगल साम्राज्य के कमजोर होने के बाद भारत अनेक क्षेत्रीय शक्तियों में विभाजित था। मराठा, मैसूर, बंगाल, अवध, हैदराबाद और विभिन्न राजपूत तथा सिख शक्तियाँ अपने-अपने क्षेत्रों में प्रभावशाली थीं। ब्रिटिशों ने इस राजनीतिक विखंडन को अपने विस्तार के अवसर के रूप में देखा। उन्होंने स्थानीय शासकों के बीच संघर्षों में हस्तक्षेप किया और एक शक्ति के विरुद्ध दूसरी शक्ति का उपयोग किया। प्लासी के युद्ध में मीर जाफर को समर्थन देना और बाद में बंगाल की राजनीति पर नियंत्रण स्थापित करना इसी रणनीति का उदाहरण था। ब्रिटिशों ने प्रत्यक्ष युद्ध के साथ कूटनीति, संधि और राजनीतिक षड्यंत्र को भी सत्ता-विस्तार के साधन के रूप में अपनाया। ‘फूट डालो और राज करो’ औपनिवेशिक रणनीति का एक महत्वपूर्ण पक्ष था। ब्रिटिश शासन ने भारतीय समाज और राजनीति में मौजूद क्षेत्रीय, धार्मिक, जातीय और सामाजिक विभाजनों को समझकर उनका उपयोग अपनी सत्ता मजबूत करने के लिए किया। प्रारंभिक चरण में यह नीति मुख्यतः भारतीय शासकों और राजनीतिक शक्तियों के बीच प्रतिस्पर्धा को बढ़ाने तक सीमित थी, लेकिन बाद में धार्मिक और सामुदायिक पहचान भी प्रशासनिक और राजनीतिक नीतियों का आधार बनी। जनगणना, पृथक निर्वाचन, सामुदायिक प्रतिनिधित्व और प्रशासनिक वर्गीकरण जैसी व्यवस्थाओं
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