Question
سوال 2: افسانہ نگاری سے اپنی واقفیت کا اظہار کیجیے۔
Answer :
Word Count : 1276
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Skip in 10
अफ़साना उर्दू साहित्य की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण और लोकप्रिय गद्य-विधा है। ‘अफ़साना’ अरबी भाषा का शब्द है, जिसका अर्थ है कहानी या किस्सा। साहित्यिक अर्थ में अफ़साना ऐसी संक्षिप्त कथा-कृति है जिसमें जीवन के किसी एक पक्ष, घटना, अनुभव, समस्या, मनोभाव या सामाजिक सत्य को प्रभावशाली ढंग से प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। इसमें कथानक का विस्तार उपन्यास की अपेक्षा कम होता है, पात्रों की संख्या सीमित रहती है और लेखक कम-से-कम शब्दों में अधिक-से-अधिक प्रभाव उत्पन्न करने का प्रयास करता है। अफ़साना केवल मनोरंजन का साधन नहीं, बल्कि समाज, व्यक्ति और जीवन की वास्तविकताओं को समझने तथा उन्हें कलात्मक अभिव्यक्ति देने का सशक्त माध्यम है। उर्दू अफ़साना-निगारी का विकास आधुनिक युग की सामाजिक और साहित्यिक परिस्थितियों से गहरे रूप में जुड़ा हुआ है। उर्दू में कहानी कहने की परंपरा बहुत पुरानी है। दास्तान, किस्सा, लोककथा, धार्मिक आख्यान और नैतिक कथाएँ उर्दू कथा-साहित्य की प्रारंभिक पृष्ठभूमि तैयार करती हैं। दास्तान में कल्पना, रोमांच, तिलिस्म, ऐयारी और असाधारण घटनाओं की प्रधानता थी, जबकि आधुनिक अफ़साना जीवन की वास्तविक परिस्थितियों और सामान्य मनुष्य की समस्याओं को अपना विषय बनाता है। पश्चिमी साहित्य के संपर्क तथा आधुनिक शिक्षा के प्रसार के कारण उर्दू साहित्य में कहानी की आधुनिक विधा का विकास हुआ। उर्दू के प्रारंभिक आधुनिक अफ़साना-निगारों में प्रेमचंद का नाम अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। उन्होंने उर्दू और हिंदी दोनों भाषाओं में कहानी-साहित्य को समृद्ध किया। उनकी कहानियों में भारतीय ग्रामीण जीवन, गरीबी, शोषण, सामाजिक असमानता, किसानों की समस्याएँ, धार्मिक आडंबर तथा मानवीय संवेदनाएँ प्रभावशाली रूप में व्यक्त हुई हैं। ‘कफ़न’, ‘पूस की रात’, ‘ईदगाह’ आदि उनकी प्रसिद्ध कहानियाँ हैं। प्रेमचंद ने अफ़साने को कल्पना की दुनिया से निकालकर वास्तविक जीवन की जमीन पर
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